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Pediatric diffuse astrocytic and oligodendro. tumorThe diffuse astrocytic and oligodendro tumors include diffuse midline glioma (incl DIPG), glioblastoma multiforme, and pilocytic astrocytoma. Diffuse midline glioma (incl DIPG) Diffuse midline gliomas are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas with a poor prognosis. The term DIPG (diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma) has been replaced by diffuse midline gliomas centered in the pons. Symptoms may include double vision, abnormal eye movements, slurred speech, swallowing difficulties, muscular weakness, balance disturbances, headaches, fatigue, and vomiting. Nonspecific symptoms can also occur, such as behavioral changes and decreased academic performance. Recent research has identified a connection to genetic alterations in histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27), with specific mutations influencing both the tumor's location and prognosis. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, depending on the type of tumor. NIH - child astrocytoma glioma treatment Glioblastoma multiforme Glioblastoma multiforme is a high-grade glioma that originates from the brain's supportive tissue, known as glial cells. This tumor is aggressive and difficult to treat, rapidly invading adjacent healthy brain tissue. Common presentations include headaches, vomiting, diplopia, and altered mental status, indicative of increased intracranial pressure. Diagnosis typically occurs around school age. Some genetic associations have been identified, contributing to the understanding of this tumor. Treatment is challenging and generally involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The prognosis is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%. New targeted molecular therapies are currently being explored to improve outcomes. Pilocytic astrocytoma Pilocytic astrocytoma is a low-grade glioma, a brain tumor in children and adolescents characterized by slow growth. Symptoms vary depending on the tumor's location, but often include headaches, dizziness, and signs of increased intracranial pressure, such as vomiting. The cerebellum is the most common site of occurrence. In some cases, the tumor can be effectively treated with surgery alone; otherwise, treatment may be supplemented with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. The prognosis is generally favorable. NIH - Child astrocytoma glioma treatment Differential abundance analysisThis section presents the disease-specific results of the differential abundance analyses. The analyses are reported for three comparisons: 1) disease vs. all other diseases, 2) disease vs. diseases from the same class, and 3) disease vs. healthy samples. |
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